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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

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Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and...
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Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal...
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions01:28

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Antimuscarinic drugs block muscarinic receptors in multiple systems, including the gut, eye, smooth muscles, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. They produce similar effects with varying selectivity depending on the specific agent and tissue. Here are the key pharmacological actions of antimuscarinics:
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An antagonist is a drug that binds strongly to a receptor without activating it. An antagonist prevents other molecules, such as neurotransmitters or hormones, from binding to the receptor and triggering a cellular response. Such interaction effectively hinders the normal physiological processes mediated by the receptor, resulting in various pharmacological effects depending on the specific receptor targeted.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Muscarinic receptor antagonists, also known as antimuscarinic agents, are a class of bronchodilators used to treat asthma, although they are more commonly used to treat COPD. They work by inhibiting the action of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, on muscarinic receptors found in the airways.
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Aquatic antagonists: stingray injury update.

Gage P Rensch1, Dirk M Elston2

  • 1University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA.

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|May 1, 2019
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Stingray injuries cause painful wounds that often get infected and may involve retained barbs. Treatment includes hot water immersion and wound care, with avoidance strategies crucial for prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine toxicology
  • Wound management
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Stingrays are a significant source of fish-related injuries.
  • Stingray venom and retained barbs lead to severe, slow-healing wounds.
  • Infection and retained foreign bodies complicate stingray envenomations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology of stingray injuries.
  • To outline current treatment modalities for stingray stings.
  • To discuss preventative measures against stingray envenomations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of stingray injury cases.
  • Analysis of venom composition and injury mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of treatment outcomes and preventative strategies.

Main Results:

  • Stingray injuries present with significant pain, edema, and potential for infection.
  • Retained barbs and foreign bodies are common complications requiring removal.
  • Hot water immersion, wound debridement, and antibiotics are primary treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt and appropriate management is essential for stingray injury recovery.
  • Surgical intervention may be necessary for complicated cases.
  • Patient education on avoidance is key to reducing injury incidence.