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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

217.2K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

6.3K
Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
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Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
54.0K
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

5.5K
Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions
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Sub-picometer dynamic measurements of a diffuse surface.

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    Future space missions require picometer-level stability. A new high-speed interferometer successfully measured picometer-scale material responses to disturbances, demonstrating sub-picometer accuracy in an open environment.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science
    • Astrophysics Instrumentation

    Background:

    • Future space observatory missions necessitate picometer-scale sensing and control of wavefront error and system alignment.
    • Achieving picometer stability demands precise material characterization of mirrors and metering structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and build a high-speed electronic speckle pattern interferometer (ESPI).
    • To demonstrate the measurement of static and dynamic picometer-amplitude responses in diffuse materials.
    • To validate sub-picometer measurement capabilities in an open test environment.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a high-speed ESPI system.
    • Controlled application of low-energy dynamic disturbances to composite materials.
    • Measurement of material responses at picometer amplitudes.

    Main Results:

    • The ESPI system successfully measured picometer-scale dynamic responses.
    • Sub-picometer scale effects were accurately detected.
    • Measurements were validated in an open test environment, outside a vacuum chamber.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed high-speed ESPI is capable of measuring picometer-scale material dynamics.
    • This technology can support the stringent stability requirements of future space observatories.
    • Open-environment, sub-picometer metrology is achievable.