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Related Concept Videos

Kinetics of Drug Elimination01:17

Kinetics of Drug Elimination

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Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial for drug development, dosage determination, and optimizing patient outcomes.
Drug clearance depends on the rate of drug elimination and its plasma concentration. Another important parameter is the half-life of a drug, which is the time required for its concentration to decrease by half. In most cases, drug clearance follows first-order...
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Enhanced Elimination of Poison01:26

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

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Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...
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Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

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Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect...
2.3K
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

1.9K
IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
1.9K
Elimination Reactions02:25

Elimination Reactions

16.7K
A nucleophile can react with an alkyl halide to give the substitution product by displacing the halogen. Or it can function as a base to give the elimination product by deprotonation of the neighboring carbon to form an alkene. In an elimination reaction, the substrate loses two groups from adjacent carbons forming at least one π bond. The carbon attached to the halogen is called the α carbon, while the adjacent carbon is called the β carbon; hence, these reactions are called...
16.7K
Elimination Kinetics: First-Order and Zero-Order01:05

Elimination Kinetics: First-Order and Zero-Order

2.8K
Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial for drug development, dosage determination, and optimizing patient outcomes.
Drug clearance depends on the rate of drug elimination and its plasma concentration. Another important parameter is a drug's half-life, which is the time required for its concentration to decrease by half. In most cases, drug clearance follows first-order...
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab
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Progress Toward Measles Elimination - European Region, 2009-2018.

Laura A Zimmerman, Mark Muscat, Simarjit Singh

    MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Measles elimination efforts in the WHO European Region face challenges. While vaccination coverage improved, increased measles incidence in 2018 highlights the need for stronger immunization programs and surveillance.

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    Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis
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    Area of Science:

    • Public Health
    • Vaccinology
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • The World Health Organization (WHO) European Region (EUR) committed to measles and rubella elimination by 2015-2020.
    • Key strategies include high vaccination coverage, supplementary immunization activities (SIAs), robust surveillance, and evidence-based vaccination promotion.
    • This report analyzes progress and challenges in measles elimination from 2009 to 2018.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To update progress on measles elimination in the WHO European Region.
    • To assess the impact of vaccination strategies and identify persistent challenges.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of national immunization coverage data for measles-containing vaccine (MCV) doses (MCV1 and MCV2).
    • Review of data on supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) conducted.
    • Examination of measles incidence trends and outbreak data.

    Main Results:

    • Regional MCV1 coverage ranged from 93%-95% (2009-2017), with MCV2 coverage increasing from 73% to 90%.
    • In 2017, 57% of countries met the ≥95% MCV1 target, and 28% met the ≥95% MCV1 and MCV2 target.
    • Measles incidence decreased by 2016 but surged in 2018 due to large outbreaks, despite over 16 million vaccinations during SIAs.

    Conclusions:

    • Achieving and maintaining ≥95% 2-dose MCV coverage in all districts is crucial for elimination.
    • Targeting susceptible adult populations with supplemental vaccination is necessary.
    • Strengthening surveillance and outbreak response remains critical for measles elimination in the EUR.