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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
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A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the sample. It is commonly used to group data of quantitative types. Frequency distributions can be displayed in a table, histogram, line graph, dot plot, or pie chart, just to name a few. A histogram is a graphical representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to...
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A single-frequency intracavity Raman laser.

Quan Sheng, Ran Li, Andrew J Lee

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    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study demonstrates the first continuous-wave, single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) intracavity Raman laser. This novel approach utilizes stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) gain to achieve stable SLM operation from a multimode fundamental laser, enabling efficient power extraction.

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    Area of Science:

    • Laser Physics
    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Achieving single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) operation in lasers is crucial for various applications requiring narrow spectral linewidths.
    • Intracavity Raman lasers offer potential for wavelength conversion but often suffer from multimode operation due to spatial hole burning.
    • Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) gain is inherently free from spatial hole burning, presenting an opportunity for SLM operation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a continuous-wave (CW) single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) intracavity Raman laser for the first time.
    • To leverage the spatial hole-burning-free nature of SRS gain for stable SLM laser output.
    • To achieve efficient power extraction and spectral cleanup from a multimode fundamental laser.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Nd:GdVO4 fundamental laser cavity incorporating a single etalon to suppress spectral linewidth.
    • Employed a BaWO4 Raman crystal to achieve stimulated Raman scattering (SRS).
    • Designed a simple standing-wave cavity arrangement to facilitate SRS gain and spectral cleanup.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully demonstrated a CW SLM intracavity Raman laser.
    • Achieved a spectral cleanup effect, converting a multimode fundamental field into a stable SLM Stokes field.
    • Delivered 3.42 W of SLM Stokes power and 1.53 W of SLM yellow harmonic (589.16 nm).

    Conclusions:

    • The demonstrated intracavity Raman laser provides a novel and simple approach for achieving SLM laser operation.
    • The spatial hole-burning-free SRS gain is effective in producing a stable SLM Stokes field.
    • The results offer a new pathway for SLM laser generation with good simplicity and power scalability potential.