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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

131.9K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
131.9K
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

13.6K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
13.6K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.0K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.0K
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

5.8K
Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

1.8K
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
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IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

1.8K
The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
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Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment
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Experimental Methods for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production in Microgravity Environment

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Solar hydrogen generation: feature introduction.

Boon S Ooi, Zitian Mi, Sang-Wan Ryu

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    Sustainable solar hydrogen generation offers a clean alternative to fossil fuels. Photoelectrochemical water splitting uses sunlight and semiconductors to produce renewable, eco-friendly hydrogen fuel.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Renewable Energy
    • Electrochemistry

    Background:

    • Fossil fuel depletion necessitates sustainable energy solutions.
    • Environmental concerns drive the search for clean energy alternatives.
    • Solar energy offers a promising renewable resource.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore solar hydrogen generation as a sustainable energy alternative.
    • To investigate the potential of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting.
    • To highlight the environmental benefits of PEC-produced hydrogen fuel.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing semiconductor materials for light absorption.
    • Employing photoelectrochemical (PEC) principles for water splitting.
    • Harnessing solar energy to drive the hydrogen production process.

    Main Results:

    • PEC water splitting effectively generates hydrogen fuel using sunlight.
    • Solar-hydrogen fuel is a viable renewable energy source.
    • The process is environmentally friendly, reducing carbon footprint.

    Conclusions:

    • Solar hydrogen generation via PEC water splitting is a promising sustainable energy technology.
    • This method provides a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuels.
    • Further research can optimize PEC systems for efficient solar fuel production.