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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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The process of oral drug absorption can be influenced by several factors. Weakly acidic drugs tend to be absorbed more readily from the stomach due to their nonionized state. However, absorption may be less efficient in the upper intestine, where drugs are often ionized. Interestingly, despite the stomach's apparent advantage for drug absorption, its mucous layer can hinder diffusion. Its surface area is also smaller than the intestine's, which can further slow down the absorption rate.
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Culture Methods to Study Apical-Specific Interactions using Intestinal Organoid Models
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LPS-squalene interaction on D-galactose intestinal absorption.

Ma José Felices1, Sara Escusol1, Roberto Martinez-Beamonte2,3

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.

Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry
|May 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Squalene, found in olive oil, counteracts lipopolysaccharide (LPS) effects on intestinal sugar absorption by protecting the intestinal barrier and nutrient transport mechanisms.

Keywords:
Intestinal absorptionLPSMLCKRELM-βSGLT1Squalene

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Enteric pathogens disrupt the intestinal barrier, altering nutrient transport and causing inflammation.
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is a key endotoxin involved in these disruptions.
  • Squalene, abundant in olive oil, possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate squalene's potential to mitigate LPS-induced effects on D-galactose intestinal absorption.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying LPS and squalene interactions in intestinal cells and rabbits.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo studies using rabbits and in vitro studies with Caco-2 cells.
  • Assessment of D-galactose absorption, tight junction integrity, and expression of key proteins (SGLT1, RELM-β, MLCK).
  • Bioinformatic analysis, including molecular docking, to confirm interactions.

Main Results:

  • Squalene reduced LPS-induced alterations in D-galactose absorption.
  • LPS affected both paracellular and transcellular transport, with a more significant impact on the paracellular route.
  • LPS increased RELM-β and MLCK protein levels, while decreasing SGLT1 levels, potentially inhibiting active sugar transport.

Conclusions:

  • Squalene demonstrates a protective effect against LPS-induced intestinal dysfunction.
  • LPS impacts intestinal barrier function and sugar transport through complex molecular interactions.
  • Further research into squalene's therapeutic potential for gut health is warranted.