[Infective endocarditis. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and histopathology]

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Infectious Diseases
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious infection affecting heart valves.
• Population-based studies in Western countries estimate an annual incidence of approximately 30 cases per million inhabitants.
• The epidemiology of IE has shifted, with increased incidence in older individuals and a rise in Staphylococcus as the causative agent.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize the current epidemiology and pathophysiology of infective endocarditis.
• To highlight changes in IE demographics and causative microorganisms.
• To describe the key pathological features and consequences of IE.

Main Methods:

• Review of population-based incidence studies.
• Analysis of epidemiological trends in infective endocarditis.
• Description of the pathophysiology based on current understanding.

Main Results:

• The incidence of IE is significantly higher in patients with prosthetic heart valves and a history of prior IE.
• Staphylococcus has emerged as the most frequent microorganism responsible for IE.
• Pathophysiology involves complex interactions between microorganisms, diseased endothelium, and host defenses, leading to vegetations, emboli, and valvular destruction.

Conclusions:

• Infective endocarditis epidemiology is evolving, affecting older populations with Staphylococcus as a leading cause.
• Understanding the complex pathophysiology is crucial for managing IE.
• IE can lead to severe complications such as emboli and acute valvular regurgitation.