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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Psychodynamic Perspectives on Personality01:27

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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Perspective in Nuclear Theranostics Using Exosome for the Brain.

Do Won Hwang1,2

  • 11Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744 South Korea.

Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
|May 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exosomes, natural nanoscale vesicles, show promise for brain disease therapy due to their biocompatibility and drug delivery capabilities. Radionuclide imaging aids in understanding their distribution and efficacy for clinical applications.

Keywords:
ExosomeIn vivo targeted therapyRadionuclide imagingRegenerative therapyTheranostics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Exosomes are naturally produced nanoscale particles with high biocompatibility and drug-carrying potential.
  • Their versatile biological functions are crucial for understanding biological processes and disease progression.
  • Exosomes hold potential for brain delivery and therapy for neurological disorders, despite challenges in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of exosomes for brain delivery and therapy.
  • To discuss the application of radionuclide imaging for exosome tracking and efficacy assessment.
  • To provide practical information on theranostics of exosomes for brain-associated diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research on exosome properties and applications in biomedicine.
  • Discussion of stem cell-derived exosome applications in regenerative therapy.
  • Exploration of radionuclide-based imaging techniques (PET/SPECT) for exosome biodistribution analysis.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes' small size and cell-derived contents suggest utility for brain delivery.
  • Clinical applications are enhanced by trials using stem cell-derived exosomes and targeted inhibitors.
  • Radionuclide imaging offers precise data on whole-body distribution, targeting, and tissue uptake of exosomes.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes represent a promising platform for brain delivery and therapy in neurological diseases.
  • Theranostic approaches combining therapy and diagnostics are feasible with exosomes.
  • Radionuclide-labeled exosomes are valuable tools for evaluating their clinical applicability in brain disorders.