Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...

Fundamental Attribution Error

Fundamental Attribution Error

According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...

Random Error

Random Error

Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...

Margin of Error

Margin of Error

The margin of error is also called the maximum error of an estimate. The margin of error is the maximum possible or expected difference between the observed sample parameter value and the actual population parameter value. For proportion, it is the maximum difference between the value of sample proportion obtained from the data and the true value of population proportion. As the true value of the population parameter is not known, the margin of error is calculated using the sample statistic.

Contaminants and Errors

Contaminants and Errors

Effective sample preparation is crucial for accurate and reliable laboratory analysis. During this process, two significant sources of error can arise: concentration bias from improper sample splitting and contamination caused by methods used to reduce particle size, such as grinding or homogenization. Identifying and minimizing these potential errors is crucial to ensuring the validity of the analysis.
Another key consideration is determining the appropriate number of samples required to...

Standard Error of the Mean

Standard Error of the Mean

The sampling variability of a statistic is defined as how much the statistic varies from one sample to another. The sampling variability of a statistic is typically measured by measuring its standard error.
The standard error of the mean is an example of a standard error. It is a unique standard deviation known as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean. The standard error of the mean is a statistic that calculates how correctly a sample distribution represents a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The benefit of simultaneous versus sequential presentation of memoranda in working memory: It depends on the stimuli.

Memory & cognition·2026

Same author

On the impact of adjacency on transposed-word effects under serial presentation.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2026

Same author

Effects of flanker size and flanker eccentricity on the spatial integration of orthographic information.

Attention, perception & psychophysics·2026

Same author

The impact of case changes on transposed-word effects.

Attention, perception & psychophysics·2026

Same author

What drives regressions in reading? Insights from surprisal and saliency from language models.

Cognition·2026

Same author

A confound-free method to manipulate pupil size in psychological experiments.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

Letter migration errors reflect spatial pooling of orthographic information.

Aaron Vandendaele¹, Joshua Snell^2,3, Jonathan Grainger^4,5

¹Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics

|May 8, 2019

Summary

Readers sometimes misread words by switching letters between them, a phenomenon called letter migration. This study shows letter migrations occur similarly in flanker tasks, suggesting parallel, spatially integrated word processing.

Keywords:

Flanker paradigm Letter migrations Letter positions Orthographic processing Parallel processing

More Related Videos

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

Area of Science:

Cognitive psychology
Experimental psychology
Psycholinguistics

Background:

Readers may misread words by switching letters across word boundaries, known as letter migration errors.
Previous research linked these errors to divided attention paradigms with postcued word identification.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate letter migration errors in a flanker paradigm, testing the hypothesis of parallel, spatially integrated orthographic processing across multiple words.

Main Methods:

Participants identified a central target word flanked by task-irrelevant words, presented simultaneously for a brief duration.
Letter migration errors were analyzed based on the position of the migrating letter relative to the target and flanker words.

Main Results:

Similar rates of letter migration errors were observed in the flanker paradigm compared to divided attention tasks.
Migrations were more frequent when the letter occupied the same position in flanker and target words, decreasing across adjacent and nonadjacent positions.

Conclusions:

Findings support the hypothesis that orthographic information across multiple words is processed in parallel and spatially integrated (pooled).
Spatial pooling of sublexical orthographic information is the likely mechanism driving letter migration errors.