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The impact of case changes on transposed-word effects
Yun Wen1, Jonathan Mirault2,3, Jonathan Grainger2,4
1Centre de Recherche en Psychologie et Neuroscience, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France. wywenyun@gmail.com.
Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
|May 11, 2026
Summary
Changing word case in sentences reduces transposed-word effects, showing visual cues influence word order perception. This highlights the role of bottom-up processing in reading.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Psychology
- Psycholinguistics
- Visual Perception
Background:
- Transposed-word effects demonstrate how readers process word order.
- Bottom-up visual cues are thought to influence these effects.
- Previous research has explored various factors affecting reading and word recognition.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the impact of case changes (visual cues) on transposed-word effects.
- To determine if manipulating case in transposed words alters their impact on grammatical decisions.
- To provide further evidence for the role of bottom-up positional noise in transposed-word effects.
Main Methods:
- A speeded grammatical decision task was employed.
- Participants viewed ungrammatical word sequences with adjacent transposed words.
- Transposed words were presented either in the same case or different cases.
Main Results:
- A significantly smaller transposed-word effect was observed when transposed words had different cases.
- This indicates that case changes provide additional bottom-up cues for word order.
- The effect of transposed words was diminished by the case manipulation.
Conclusions:
- Bottom-up visual cues, such as case changes, play a significant role in modulating transposed-word effects.
- Manipulating case provides readers with clearer word-order information, reducing reliance on positional noise.
- These findings contribute to understanding the interplay between visual processing and reading mechanisms.
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