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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Reexamining Transposed-Word Effects in the Grammatical Decision Task.

Yun Wen1, Jonathan Grainger1,2

  • 1Centre de Recherche en Psychologie et Neuroscience, CNRS & Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.

Experimental Psychology
|February 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposed-word (TW) effects in sentence processing are influenced by how words are presented. Sequential presentation reduces TW effects in response times, while auditory presentation maintains them.

Keywords:
grammatical decision taskserial versus parallel presentationtransposed-word effects

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Transposed-word (TW) effects reveal how the brain processes sentence grammaticality.
  • These effects are observed when comparing responses to word sequences with transposed words versus ungrammatical controls.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the pattern of TW effects across different presentation procedures and modalities.
  • To provide a tentative explanation for variations in TW effects based on presentation format.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of transposed-word (TW) effects in grammatical decision tasks.
  • Comparison of effects across simultaneous written, sequential written, and auditory word presentations.

Main Results:

  • TW effects appear in both response times (RTs) and accuracy for simultaneous written and auditory presentations.
  • Sequential written presentation primarily shows TW effects in accuracy, not RTs.

Conclusions:

  • Presentation modality and procedure significantly modulate transposed-word (TW) effects.
  • Differences suggest distinct processing mechanisms for simultaneous vs. sequential and visual vs. auditory information.