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Related Concept Videos

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

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Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable due to more than one independent variable, also known as factors. Changes in worker productivity can be reasoned, for example, to be influenced by salary and other conditions, such as skill level. One way to test this hypothesis is by categorizing salary into three levels (low, moderate, and high) and skills sets into two levels (entry level...
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
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Which design to evaluate complex interventions? Toward a methodological framework through a systematic review.

Laetitia Minary1, Justine Trompette1,2, Joëlle Kivits1

  • 1University of Lorraine, EA 4360 APEMAC, Nancy, France.

BMC Medical Research Methodology
|May 9, 2019
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Evaluating complex interventions (CI) requires innovative methods. This review presents diverse evaluation designs, including randomized trials and realist evaluations, highlighting the need for further research into their application.

Keywords:
Health behaviourPublic healthResearch methodsStudy design

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Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Intervention Science
  • Methodology

Background:

  • Evaluating complex interventions (CI) presents significant challenges for health researchers.
  • Innovative approaches are essential for the effective assessment of CIs in healthcare settings.
  • This study aims to outline the primary methodologies employed in CI evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and present the main methods used for evaluating complex interventions.
  • To identify and categorize different evaluation designs applied to CIs in published literature.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted using MEDLINE via PubMed.
  • Searched for articles on complex intervention evaluation or pilot studies published over a ten-year period.
  • Keywords used were ('complex intervention*' AND 'evaluation').

Main Results:

  • 100 research results/protocols were included from 445 identified articles, totaling 105 evaluation designs.
  • Randomized clinical trials adaptations (44.8%) and individual randomized controlled trials (21.9%) were most common.
  • Quasi-experimental designs, cohort studies, and realist evaluations were also identified; process/mechanisms analysis was included in 80%.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple methods can be used sequentially or in combination for CI evaluation.
  • A framework is proposed to contextualize designs based on evaluation questions.
  • Further conceptual and methodological research is needed to clarify the principles and application of emerging evaluation methods.