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Is all morality or just prosociality externalized?

Michael J Poulin1

  • 1Department of Psychology,University at Buffalo,Buffalo,NY 14260.mjpoulin@buffalo.eduhttps://ubwp.buffalo.edu/scope/.

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Summary
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Externalized morality, or externalized prosociality, likely evolved to promote cooperation. Other moral impulses may also be prosocial, indirectly aiding harm avoidance and benefiting individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Moral Philosophy
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • The evolution of human cooperation is a complex topic.
  • Moral impulses vary, but their underlying functions are debated.
  • Externalized prosociality is proposed as a key driver of cooperation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary selection pressures on different types of moral impulses.
  • To explore the potential prosocial roots of seemingly non-prosocial moral judgments.
  • To understand how externalized prosociality might confer individual benefits.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of evolutionary game theory models.
  • Review of recent empirical research on moral decision-making.
  • Comparative analysis of different moral impulse frameworks.

Main Results:

  • Externalized morality, facilitating cooperation, shows stronger evidence for selection compared to other moral impulses.
  • Evidence suggests other moral impulses may indirectly serve prosocial functions, primarily through harm avoidance.
  • Externalized prosociality offers a potential explanation for the individual-level benefits of prosocial behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Selection likely favored externalized prosociality due to its role in facilitating cooperation.
  • A deeper understanding of moral impulses reveals their potential indirect prosocial underpinnings.
  • Externalized prosociality is a significant factor in explaining the adaptive advantages of cooperative behavior.