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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Use of a Low-flow Digital Anesthesia System for Mice and Rats
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Hyperkalemia during general anesthesia in two Greyhounds.

Stacey J Jones, Khursheed R Mama, Nancy K Brock

    Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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    Anesthesia can cause dangerous hyperkalemia (high potassium) in Greyhounds, leading to cardiac issues. Prompt recognition and management are crucial for patient safety during veterinary procedures.

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Anesthesiology
    • Canine Cardiology
    • Clinical Pathology

    Background:

    • Periodontal disease is common in Greyhounds.
    • General anesthesia and dental care were performed using similar protocols.
    • Two Greyhounds, otherwise healthy, developed hyperkalemia during anesthesia.

    Observation:

    • Hyperkalemia occurred during multiple anesthetic events in both dogs.
    • Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, including loss of P waves, were observed.
    • Serum potassium levels normalized after discontinuing inhalant anesthesia.

    Findings:

    • Clinically relevant hyperkalemia was documented in both Greyhounds.
    • No underlying cause for hyperkalemia was identified.
    • Cardiac conduction abnormalities were linked to hyperkalemia during anesthesia.

    Implications:

    • Hyperkalemia during anesthesia poses a potentially fatal risk in Greyhounds.
    • Further research is needed on the cause, prevention, and treatment of this condition.
    • Genetic factors may contribute to anesthetic-induced hyperkalemia in this breed.