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Division orientation: disentangling shape and mechanical forces.

Tara M Finegan1, Dan T Bergstralh1

  • 1a Department of Biology , University of Rochester , Rochester , NY , USA.

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|May 10, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tissue forces guide cell division orientation, impacting development. This review explores how physical forces influence spindle orientation, examining cell shape versus direct mechanosensing models.

Keywords:
Epitheliaextrinsic forcesspindle orientationtension

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Oriented cell divisions are crucial for generating cell diversity and shaping tissues during morphogenesis.
  • Cells within tissues experience and exert mechanical forces on their neighbors.
  • Emerging evidence indicates tissue-level physical forces can direct cell division orientation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence demonstrating tissue-level physical forces orienting cell division.
  • To evaluate models explaining how the spindle orienting machinery senses and responds to extrinsic forces.
  • To differentiate between cell shape-mediated and direct intracellular mechanosensing pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies across diverse model systems.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence linking physical forces to spindle orientation.
  • Evaluation of proposed molecular mechanisms and theoretical models.

Main Results:

  • Consistent demonstration that tissue-level forces influence spindle orientation in various biological contexts.
  • Identification of multiple proposed molecular players involved in force transduction.
  • Ongoing debate regarding the primary mechanism of force sensing (cell shape vs. intracellular machinery).

Conclusions:

  • Tissue physical forces play a significant role in regulating cell division orientation.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms of mechanosensing.
  • Understanding these processes is key to comprehending tissue morphogenesis and cell fate determination.