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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
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Reconfigurable nanoscale spin-wave directional coupler using spin-orbit torque.

Zhiwei Ren1, Shuang Liu1, Lichuan Jin1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.

Scientific Reports
|May 10, 2019
PubMed
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We developed a reconfigurable nanoscale spin-wave directional coupler using spin-orbit torque (SOT). This device allows dynamic switching of functionality and frequency, paving the way for advanced magnonic integrated circuits.

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Area of Science:

  • Spintronics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Magnonics

Background:

  • Spin-wave devices offer potential for low-power information processing.
  • Controlling spin-wave propagation in nanoscale waveguides is crucial for integrated circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel reconfigurable nanoscale spin-wave directional coupler.
  • To demonstrate dynamic control over device functionality and operating frequency.

Main Methods:

  • Micromagnetic simulations were employed to analyze the device.
  • Spin-orbit torque (SOT) was utilized to manipulate magnetic configurations.
  • The effect of coupling length changes on spin-wave propagation was investigated.

Main Results:

  • The device's functionality and operating frequency were dynamically switched by inverting magnetic configurations using SOT.
  • A power divider functionality was realized by exploiting sudden changes in coupling length.
  • The proposed device enables reconfigurable signal routing in magnonic circuits.

Conclusions:

  • The developed device represents a significant advancement in reconfigurable magnonic devices.
  • This work paves the way for two-dimensional planar magnonic integrated circuits.
  • The SOT-based control offers a promising route for future nanoscale spintronic devices.