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Researchers created a new superionic ice phase, ice XVIII, under extreme pressures and temperatures. This discovery provides the first direct experimental evidence of the crystalline structure of superionic water ice.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • High-pressure physics

Background:

  • Water (H2O) exhibits complex polymorphism with over seventeen crystalline and several amorphous ice structures.
  • Extreme pressures ( >100 GPa) and temperatures ( >2,000 K) are predicted to induce superionic behavior in H2O, where protons diffuse through a solid oxygen lattice.
  • This superionic state is characterized by high ionic conductivity, elevated melting temperatures, and novel oxygen lattice structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the formation and structure of superionic water ice under extreme conditions.
  • To provide direct evidence for the predicted superionic phase of water ice.
  • To characterize the phase transformation and compressibility of water ice at gigapascal pressures and kilokelvin temperatures.

Main Methods:

  • Laser-driven shockwaves were used to compress and heat liquid water samples to 100-400 GPa and 2,000-3,000 K.
  • In situ X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on the shocked samples to determine the ice structure.
  • Analysis of diffraction patterns identified the crystalline oxygen lattice and phase transformations.

Main Results:

  • Water rapidly solidified into nanometer-sized ice grains under extreme conditions.
  • Unambiguous evidence for the crystalline oxygen lattice of superionic water ice was obtained.
  • A phase transformation from a body-centered-cubic phase (likely ice X) to a novel face-centered-cubic, superionic phase (ice XVIII) was observed.
  • The compressibility of ice at these extreme conditions was documented.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first direct experimental evidence for the existence and crystalline structure of superionic water ice (ice XVIII).
  • The findings confirm theoretical predictions of superionic behavior in water under extreme pressure and temperature.
  • This research opens new avenues for understanding planetary interiors and the behavior of matter under extreme conditions.