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Related Concept Videos

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins02:26

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

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Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
A limited set of protein domains often duplicate and recombine during evolution. These domains can be organized in different combinations to...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Conservation of Protein Domains02:26

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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel
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Published on: January 27, 2014

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Protein diffusion from microwells with contrasting hydrogel domains.

Elaine J Su, Shaheen Jeeawoody, Amy E Herr

    APL Bioengineering
    |May 10, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Controlling molecular transport in hydrogels is key for biomedical applications. This study models protein diffusion in microwells, finding that lids significantly improve protein retention for better single-cell analysis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomaterials Science
    • Biophysics
    • Chemical Engineering

    Background:

    • Hydrogel materials are crucial for biomedical applications like drug delivery and engineered tissues.
    • Controlling molecular transport within hydrogels is essential for optimizing these tools.
    • Microwells are increasingly used for single-cell analysis, necessitating an understanding of molecular compartmentalization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the ability of hydrogel microwells to compartmentalize proteins from single cells.
    • To analyze protein diffusion and loss from both open and closed microwell configurations.
    • To develop and validate a numerical model for predicting protein transport in microwells.

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical modeling was employed to simulate time-dependent protein concentration distributions.
    • Confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to observe protein diffusion and fluid film formation.
    • Experiments involving triggered release of Protein G validated the numerical model.

    Main Results:

    • Protein diffusion and loss from microwells are sensitive to partition coefficients and diffusion rates.
    • Closed microwells, particularly those with glass or dense hydrogel lids, significantly enhance protein retention.
    • A fluid (i.e., liquid) film forms even in closed microwells, influencing protein transport.

    Conclusions:

    • A validated numerical model can predict protein transport and loss in hydrogel microwells under various conditions.
    • Lid configurations critically impact protein concentration within microwells, essential for applications like single-cell analysis.
    • Understanding diffusion dynamics is vital for designing effective hydrogel-based microfluidic devices.