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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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In-situ Hybridization02:31

In-situ Hybridization

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In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled probe. The technique was first used in 1969 for the investigation of nucleic acids. It is currently an essential tool in scientific research and clinical settings, especially for diagnostic purposes.
Types of probes and labels
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function
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High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

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Examining Gene Expression Patterns Through Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization.

Jeffery R Barrow1

  • 1Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA. jeff_barrow@byu.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|May 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

RNA in situ hybridization visualizes gene expression in embryos. This review details nonradioactive methods for whole-mount mouse and chick embryos, aiding developmental studies.

Keywords:
ChickDigoxigeninEmbryoIn situ hybridizationMouseNonradioactiveRiboprobeWhole mount

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) is crucial for studying gene expression patterns.
  • ISH allows visualization of RNA transcripts within their native cellular and tissue contexts.
  • Understanding gene function during development often requires spatial and temporal expression data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the procedure for performing nonradioactive RNA in situ hybridization.
  • To provide a practical guide for applying ISH to whole-mount mouse and chick embryos.
  • To highlight the utility of ISH in developmental and perturbation studies.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed protocol for nonradioactive in situ hybridization.
  • Application to whole-mount embryos (mouse and chick).
  • Focus on optimizing techniques for clear visualization of RNA signals.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of temporal and spatial gene expression analysis.
  • Successful application in observing effects of genetic, toxicologic, or environmental perturbations.
  • Provides a reproducible method for developmental studies.

Conclusions:

  • Nonradioactive RNA in situ hybridization is a versatile technique for developmental biology.
  • The reviewed methods enable detailed analysis of gene expression in whole embryos.
  • ISH is valuable for investigating developmental processes and responses to external factors.