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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Using brain organoids to study human neurodevelopment, evolution and disease.

Christina Kyrousi1, Silvia Cappello1

  • 1Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology
|May 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human brain development, or corticogenesis, is complex and differs significantly from other mammals. Brain organoids, derived from stem cells, offer a powerful model to study these differences and human brain disorders.

Keywords:
basal radial glial cellsbrain organoidscortical developmentevolutionhuman neurodevelopment

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The human brain's complexity, particularly the cerebral cortex, underpins advanced cognition.
  • Significant evolutionary differences exist between human and nonhuman mammalian brain development.
  • Existing animal models have limitations in recapitulating human-specific brain features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cellular and molecular mechanisms of human corticogenesis.
  • To explore evolutionary differences in cortical development across species.
  • To highlight the utility of brain organoids in studying human brain development and disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on human corticogenesis.
  • Analysis of comparative cortical development in humans and other mammals.
  • Discussion of brain organoid technology and its applications.

Main Results:

  • Human corticogenesis exhibits unique cellular and molecular features compared to other mammals.
  • Brain organoids accurately model aspects of human-specific cortical development.
  • Brain organoids can be used to study both normal and pathological conditions of the human brain.

Conclusions:

  • Brain organoids represent a significant advancement for studying human corticogenesis.
  • Understanding human brain development is crucial for addressing neurological disorders.
  • Comparative studies and organoid models are essential for advancing neuroscience.