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Related Concept Videos

ATP Yield01:31

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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ATP, Mg2+, Nuclear Phase Separation, and Genome Accessibility.

Roni H G Wright1, Francois Le Dily1, Miguel Beato1

  • 1Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|May 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear phase separation, driven by poly(ADP-ribose), ATP, and Mg2+ levels, influences eukaryotic gene expression and genome regulation, offering new insights into disease mechanisms.

Keywords:
3D genome topologyPARylationchromatin dynamicsgene regulationmagnesiummembrane-less organellesnuclear ATPphase separation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gene expression regulation is crucial for cellular function and is influenced by the nuclear environment.
  • Recent discoveries highlight membrane-less organelles as dynamic liquid droplets within the nucleus.
  • These nuclear bodies may compartmentalize chromatin, impacting gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss recent studies on nuclear phase separation.
  • To explore the role of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), ATP, and Mg2+ in nuclear phase separation and genome regulation.
  • To propose a combinatorial function for these molecules in gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on nuclear phase separation.
  • Analysis of the interplay between PAR, ATP, Mg2+, and chromatin.
  • Discussion of experimental strategies to investigate these processes.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear phase separation is a dynamic process influenced by molecular components.
  • Poly(ADP-ribose), ATP, and Mg2+ are proposed to play a combinatorial role in regulating nuclear phase separation.
  • This process has significant implications for eukaryotic gene expression and genome stability.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear phase separation is a key mechanism for genome regulation.
  • The interplay of PAR, ATP, and Mg2+ is critical for controlling nuclear organization and gene expression.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways.