Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly Provides Insights Into Condor Evolution and Conservation

Area of Science:

• Conservation genomics
• Avian biology
• Population genetics

Background:

• Rare species, like the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), face significant anthropogenic threats.
• Limited genetic data hinders effective conservation strategies for vulnerable avian populations.
• The Andean condor exhibits unique life-history traits, including delayed maturity and extreme sexual dimorphism, making it susceptible to environmental changes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To generate the first chromosome-scale reference genome for the Andean condor.
• To provide a foundational genomic resource for understanding Andean condor evolution, ecology, and conservation.
• To compare genomic diversity and patterns with the closely related California condor.

Main Methods:

• Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the Andean condor.
• Comparative genomic analysis with the California condor genome.
• Analysis of genomic diversity, Runs of Homozygosity (RoH), and gene family evolution.

Main Results:

• A 1.19 Gb Andean condor genome assembly with 97.4% completeness, including 29 autosomes and the Z chromosome.
• Lower genomic diversity (0.65He/Kbp) and a smaller proportion of Runs of Homozygosity (RoH) in Andean condors compared to California condors.
• Divergent gene family evolution, particularly in detoxification, high-altitude adaptation, and immune response genes, between the two condor species.

Conclusions:

• The Andean condor genome provides a critical resource for conservation efforts.
• Genomic differences highlight distinct evolutionary trajectories and potential vulnerabilities between Andean and California condors.
• Comparative genomics reveals convergent evolution in stress response and metabolic pathways among avian scavengers, offering insights into adaptation.