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Commonality between executive functioning and effortful control related to adjustment.

Jungmeen Kim-Spoon1, Kirby Deater-Deckard2, Susan D Calkins3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech.

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PubMed
Summary

Cognitive control, the overlap between executive functioning (EF) and effortful control (EC), predicts child and adolescent adjustment. This includes competence and internalizing/externalizing symptoms, highlighting the importance of inhibitory and attentional control.

Keywords:
adjustmentattentional controlcognitive controleffortful controlexecutive functioninginhibitory control

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Background:

  • Executive functioning (EF) and effortful control (EC) are crucial for adaptive behavior.
  • Understanding the shared components and predictive power of EF and EC is vital for child development research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between EF and EC.
  • To determine if cognitive control, as the commonality between EF and EC, predicts competence and psychopathology in children and adolescents.

Main Methods:

  • Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were used to identify the overlap between EF and EC.
  • Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the predictive relationships.

Main Results:

  • CFA confirmed cognitive control (inhibitory and attentional control) as a significant overlap between EF and EC.
  • SEM revealed that cognitive control predicted competence and internalizing/externalizing symptomatology in children.
  • Cognitive control also predicted externalizing symptomatology in adolescents.

Conclusions:

  • Inhibitory and attentional control represent the common core of EF and EC.
  • These cognitive control abilities are significantly linked to both positive adjustment (competence) and negative outcomes (internalizing/externalizing symptoms).