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Capacitors and Capacitance01:18

Capacitors and Capacitance

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A device consisting of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance and used to store electrical charges is called a capacitor. The space between the conductors is either a vacuum or an insulating material, called a dielectric. Capacitors have many applications, ranging from filtering static from radio reception to energy storage in heart defibrillators.
When the conductors are two identical parallel plates, it is called a parallel plate capacitor. When battery terminals are...
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Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

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Multiple capacitors can be connected in a circuit in series or parallel configuration. When the capacitor combination is connected to a battery, the potential drop across each capacitor and the magnitude of charge stored in the individual capacitor depends on the type of the connection. The capacitor combination is replaced by a single equivalent capacitor that stores the same amount of charge as the combination for a given potential difference.
The following strategies are adopted to calculate...
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Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

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From the study of resistive circuits, it is understood that employing a series-parallel combination serves as an effective strategy for simplifying circuits. Capacitors can be arranged within a circuit in one of two ways: a series configuration or a parallel configuration. The way these capacitors are connected to a battery will influence both the potential drop across each individual capacitor and the size of the charge that each capacitor can store. This is determined by the specific type of...
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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

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In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
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Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

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In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Author Spotlight: Microfluidic Channel-Based Soft Electrodes and Their Application in Capacitive Pressure Sensing
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Capacitive Stretch Sensing for Robotic Skins.

Andreas Tairych1, Iain A Anderson1,2,3

  • 11 Biomimetics Lab, Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Soft Robotics
|May 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dielectric elastomer (DE) capacitive sensors for soft robots can show inaccurate capacitance readings at high frequencies due to dynamic electrode resistance. Adjusting excitation frequency can prevent these nonlinear responses in artificial skin sensors.

Keywords:
capacitance undershootdielectric elastomer sensorlumped parameter approximationresistive stretch sensortransient resistancetransmission line

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Robotics
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Dielectric elastomer (DE) capacitive sensors are crucial for imparting a sense of touch to soft robots due to their inherent compliance.
  • Nonlinear electrode effects, including transient resistance changes and peaks, are known characteristics of DE sensors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of dynamic electrode resistance on capacitance measurements in DE sensors at varying excitation frequencies.
  • To understand and mitigate nonlinear responses in DE capacitive sensors for improved robotic tactile sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of DE sensors under periodic stretching at different excitation frequencies.
  • Modeling DE sensors as R-C transmission lines to simulate capacitance behavior.
  • Correlation analysis between electrode resistance fluctuations and observed capacitance undershoots.

Main Results:

  • At higher frequencies, DE sensors exhibited significant capacitance undershoots.
  • These capacitance undershoots were directly correlated with transient changes and peaks in electrode resistance.
  • Simulations using an R-C transmission line model closely matched experimental data, supporting the role of dynamic resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic electrode resistance significantly affects capacitance measurements in DE sensors, particularly at high excitation frequencies.
  • The lumped parameter approximation is insufficient for accurately describing DE sensor behavior under these conditions.
  • Optimizing the excitation frequency is key to avoiding nonlinear responses and ensuring reliable tactile sensing in soft robots.