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Control Systems01:10

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Control systems are everywhere in contemporary society, influencing diverse applications from aerospace to automated manufacturing. These systems can be found naturally within biological processes, such as blood sugar regulation and heart rate adjustment in response to stress, as well as in man-made systems like elevators and automated vehicles. A control system is essentially a network of subsystems and processes that collaboratively convert specific inputs into desired outputs.
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Control Systems: Applications01:25

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Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

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Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
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Transfer Function in Control Systems01:21

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The transfer function is a fundamental concept in the analysis and design of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. It offers a concise way to understand how a system responds to different inputs in the frequency domain. It serves as a bridge between the time-domain differential equations that describe system dynamics and the frequency-domain representation that facilitates easier manipulation and analysis.
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Improvements in Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Systems: Array Power Monitoring in Pulse Width Modulation Charge

Gabino Jiménez-Castillo1, Francisco José Muñoz-Rodríguez2,3, Catalina Rus-Casas4,5

  • 1Department of Electronic and Automatic Engineering, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain. gjimenez@ujaen.es.

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Summary

This study introduces accurate, cost-effective monitoring techniques for photovoltaic (PV) systems using pulse width modulation (PWM) charge controllers. These methods avoid complex data acquisition systems, simplifying PV power and energy measurement.

Keywords:
array powermonitoringphotovoltaic systemspulse width modulation

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Renewable Energy Systems
  • Power Electronics

Background:

  • Pulse width modulation (PWM) charge controllers are common in stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) and grid-connected PV self-consumption systems.
  • Accurate measurement of photovoltaic array power and energy in these systems presents challenges.
  • Existing solutions often rely on expensive data acquisition systems (DASs), which are disproportionate for SAPV systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel and efficient monitoring techniques for measuring photovoltaic array DC output power (PA,dc) and energy (EA).
  • To provide high accuracy in parameter calculation while avoiding sophisticated and costly DASs.
  • To offer a practical solution for monitoring PV systems with PWM charge controllers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized transducers and electronic circuits to capture average and true RMS values of PWM signals.
  • Developed new monitoring techniques for direct current (DC) power and energy estimation.
  • Applied and validated the techniques for both series and shunt PWM battery charge controllers.

Main Results:

  • The developed techniques demonstrated high accuracy in estimating PV array DC power and energy.
  • Achieved low error metrics: Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) < 2.4%, Normalized Mean Bias Error (NMBE) between -1.5% and 1.1%, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) < 1.6%.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed monitoring techniques are effective and accurate for PV systems with PWM charge controllers.
  • These methods offer a cost-efficient alternative to sophisticated DASs for PV power and energy monitoring.
  • The study provides a valuable tool for optimizing the performance and management of photovoltaic installations.