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Phenotype-by-environment interactions influence dispersal.

Celina B Baines1,2, Ilia Maria C Ferzoco1,2, Shannon J McCauley1

  • 1Biology Department, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.

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Summary

Interactions between disperser traits and environment drive dispersal variability. Small males show density-dependent dispersal, while others do not, impacting population dynamics.

Keywords:
Notonecta undulatacondition-dependent dispersaldispersalmark-release-recapturephenotype-by-environment interactionsphenotype-dependent dispersal

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Dispersal patterns are influenced by disperser phenotype and environment.
  • Variability in dispersal suggests complex interactions between these factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that interactive effects among phenotypic and environmental factors generate variation in dispersal behavior.
  • To investigate the influence of multiple interacting factors on dispersal probability and distance.

Main Methods:

  • A 2-year mark-release-recapture study of backswimmers (Notonecta undulata).
  • Utilized 36 semi-natural ponds to assess dispersal.
  • Measured effects of sex, body size, population density, and sex ratio on dispersal.

Main Results:

  • Dispersal probability depended on a three-way interaction between sex, body mass, and population density.
  • Small males exhibited strong positive density dependence in dispersal; large males and females did not.
  • Smaller individuals were more likely to disperse, especially at high densities.
  • Dispersal distance decreased with increasing population density.

Conclusions:

  • Phenotype-by-environment interactions significantly influence dispersal patterns and generate variability.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for predicting ecological and evolutionary dynamics.
  • Further research should focus on estimating the effects of multiple, interacting factors on dispersal across systems.