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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

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Neuroendocrine Networks and Functionality.

Margaret Altemus1

  • 1VA Connecticut Health Care System, Women's Clinic, Building 2, Room 7-165, 950 Campbell Avenue, New Haven, CT 06516, USA.

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|May 13, 2019
PubMed
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Female hormones significantly impact women's brain function and mental health across their lifespan. Hormonal fluctuations influence mood and anxiety disorders, and may offer protection against schizophrenia.

Keywords:
EstrogenLactationMenopauseMenstrual cyclePregnancyProgesteronePuberty

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Reproductive Psychiatry
  • Women's Mental Health

Background:

  • Women experience unique hormonal changes throughout development and the menstrual cycle.
  • These hormonal fluctuations can influence brain function and mental health.
  • Individual vulnerability to these hormonal effects varies, with underlying reasons yet to be fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between female hormonal exposures and brain function.
  • To investigate the differential impact of hormonal changes on various mental health conditions.
  • To understand the varying sensitivity of women to hormonal influences on mental health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on hormonal exposures and mental health in women.
  • Analysis of hormonal changes across different life stages (menstrual cycle, pregnancy, postpartum, lactation, menopause).
  • Examination of symptom profiles associated with distinct hormonal periods.

Main Results:

  • Anxiety and mood disorders show high sensitivity to hormonal fluctuations in women.
  • Female reproductive hormones may exert a protective effect against schizophrenia.
  • Different reproductive stages are associated with distinct hormonal profiles and potentially unique symptom presentations.

Conclusions:

  • Hormonal changes are critical determinants of women's mental health.
  • Understanding these hormonal influences is key to personalized mental healthcare for women.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind hormonal sensitivity and protection in mental illness.