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Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
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Measuring e-cigarette addiction among adolescents.

Erin A Vogel1, Judith J Prochaska2, Mark L Rubinstein3

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.

Tobacco Control
|May 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adolescent e-cigarette use frequency and addiction measures correlate with nicotine levels. The E-Cigarette Addiction Severity Index (EASI) and days per month are recommended brief measures for vaping research.

Keywords:
ENDSaddictionadolescentdependencee-cigarettefrequency

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Area of Science:

  • Adolescent Health
  • Tobacco Control Research
  • Nicotine Addiction Studies

Background:

  • Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is prevalent among adolescents, yet valid measures of use frequency and addiction are lacking.
  • Understanding the relationship between self-reported e-cigarette use and nicotine exposure is crucial due to uncertain health consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine correlations between various adolescent e-cigarette use frequency and addiction measures and salivary cotinine levels, a biomarker of nicotine exposure.
  • To identify valid and reliable measures for assessing adolescent e-cigarette use and dependence.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 173 adolescents (ages 13-18) who reported past-month e-cigarette use.
  • Participants self-reported e-cigarette use frequency (days per month, sessions per day) and completed addiction measures (EASI, ECDI, HVI).
  • Salivary cotinine levels were measured to quantify nicotine exposure; sessions per month (SPM) was calculated.

Main Results:

  • Sessions per month (SPM) showed the strongest correlation with cotinine (r=0.59), followed by days per month (r=0.58) and sessions per day (SPD; r=0.57).
  • Among dependence measures, the E-Cigarette Addiction Severity Index (EASI) correlated most strongly with cotinine (r=0.51), followed by the ECDI and Heaviness of Vaping Index (HVI; r's=0.50).
  • All correlations were statistically significant (p<0.001).

Conclusions:

  • Adolescent self-reported e-cigarette use frequency and addiction levels significantly correlate with objective nicotine exposure (cotinine).
  • The EASI and days per month are recommended as brief, general measures for assessing adolescent vaping.
  • SPM and the ECDI offer more comprehensive assessments for a nuanced understanding of adolescent e-cigarette use patterns and dependence.