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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Double-Staining Method to Detect Pectin in Plant-Fungus Interaction
Published on: February 4, 2022
Structural characterisation of pectin obtained from cacao pod husk. Comparison of conventional and subcritical water
Nerea Muñoz-Almagro1, Lourdes Valadez-Carmona2, José A Mendiola3
1Química y Funcionalidad de Carbohidratos y Derivados, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
Abstract:
Pectin was obtained with citric acid and subcritical water extraction from cacao pod husk with or without a previous step consisting of a supercritical fluid extraction of phenols. By subcritical conditions a higher yield (10.9%) was attained in a time 3-fold shorter than that obtained by conventional extraction (˜8%) and a greater effectiveness in the recovery of pectin with higher molecular weight (750 kDa) was also found. Regarding pectin structure, galacturonic acid and degree of methyl esterification content were similar (˜55 and ˜36%, respectively) in both methods. Moreover, pectin recovered by citric acid presented 2-fold higher amount of impurities as compared to subcritical water extraction. Hardly any effects of a previous supercritical treatment were observed in the structure and composition of pectin, indicating the efficiency of the integrated supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical water extraction as green processes for the obtainment of phenol and pectin from cacao pod husk.
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