[Human poxvirus infections]

Area of Science:

• Dermatology
• Virology
• Public Health

Background:

• Poxvirus infections commonly cause skin manifestations, ranging from benign molluscum contagiosum to severe cowpox virus (CPXV).
• Most poxviruses are zoonotic, originating from animal reservoirs, with increasing global risks due to exotic pet trade and international travel.
• While smallpox and molluscum contagiosum transmit human-to-human, other poxviruses like CPXV and monkeypox are potential emergent threats.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the spectrum of poxvirus infections encountered in dermatology.
• To emphasize the growing risk of zoonotic poxvirus transmission and global spread.
• To underscore the importance of recognizing potentially emergent poxviruses and the ongoing threat of smallpox reintroduction.

Main Methods:

• Review of clinical presentations of poxvirus infections.
• Analysis of epidemiological factors contributing to disease spread.
• Assessment of public health implications of zoonotic and eradicated viral threats.

Main Results:

• Common poxviruses in France include molluscum contagiosum, orf, and milker's nodule.
• Cowpox virus (CPXV) and monkeypox are identified as potentially emergent viruses with epidemic potential.
• Smallpox, though eradicated, remains a monitored threat due to bioterrorism risks.

Conclusions:

• Dermatologists must be adept at identifying various poxviruses, including less common zoonotic strains.
• Increased global travel and exotic pet ownership necessitate enhanced surveillance for emerging poxvirus diseases.
• The potential for smallpox reintroduction requires continued monitoring and preparedness.