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Related Concept Videos

PD Controller: Design01:26

PD Controller: Design

636
In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
636
Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:07

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

388
Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...
388
Frequency-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:24

Frequency-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

357
Proportional-Derivative (PD) controllers are widely used in fan control systems to improve stability and performance. A fan control system can be effectively represented using a Bode plot to illustrate the impact of a PD controller through its transfer function. The Bode plot visually conveys how PD control modifies the fan's response across various frequencies, providing a frequency domain interpretation of the controller's behavior.
The proportional control gain, combined with the...
357
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

195.2K
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

11.2K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Expressing Solution Concentration02:48

Expressing Solution Concentration

66.1K
A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
Concentrations may be quantitatively assessed using a wide variety of measurement units, each convenient for particular applications. Molarity (M) is a useful concentration unit for many applications in chemistry.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Orthotopic Transplantation of Syngeneic Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells to Study PD-L1 Expression
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Orthotopic Transplantation of Syngeneic Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells to Study PD-L1 Expression

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PD-L1 Expression in Mastocytosis.

Margaret Williams1,2, Diane S Lidke3, Karin Hartmann4

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. margaret.williams@hsc.utah.edu.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 16, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Programmed death 1 (PD-1) interaction suppresses immune cells, aiding tumor evasion. PD-L1 expression is a key marker, but its role in mastocytosis requires further research.

Keywords:
PD-1PD-L1immune checkpointmastocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) regulate immune responses.
  • PD-1/PD-L1 pathway activation suppresses immune cells, contributing to tumor immune evasion.
  • PD-L1 expression serves as a prognostic and predictive marker in various cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on PD-L1 expression in mastocytosis.
  • To highlight the need for further investigation into the tumor-immune interaction in mastocytosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies assessing PD-L1 expression in mastocytosis.

Main Results:

  • Limited studies have assessed PD-L1 expression in mastocytosis.
  • The prognostic and predictive value of PD-L1 in mastocytosis remains underexplored.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to understand the role of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in mastocytosis.
  • Investigating tumor-immune interactions in mastocytosis is crucial for potential therapeutic strategies.