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Related Concept Videos

Odds Ratio01:09

Odds Ratio

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The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used extensively in epidemiology and research to quantify the strength of association between exposure and outcome across different groups. Unlike relative risk, which compares the probabilities of an event occurring, the odds ratio compares the odds of an event occurring in the exposed group to the odds of it occurring in the unexposed group. The odds, in this context, are calculated as the probability of the event happening divided by the...
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Poisson's Ratio01:23

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Poisson's ratio is a material property that indicates their stress response. It explains the connection between the elongation or compression a material undergoes in the direction of an applied force and the contraction or expansion it experiences perpendicular to that force. When a slender bar is loaded axially, it stretches in the direction of the force and contracts laterally. Poisson's ratio is the negative ratio of this lateral contraction to the axial elongation. The negative sign...
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Sound Intensity00:58

Sound Intensity

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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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Hazard Ratio01:12

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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Sound Intensity Level00:53

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Humans perceive sound by hearing. The human ear helps sound waves reach the brain, which then interprets the waves and creates the perception of hearing. The loudness of the environment in which a person is located determines whether they can distinguish between different sound sources.
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The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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Related Experiment Video

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Multifocal Electroretinograms
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Multifocal metalens with a controllable intensity ratio.

Haoran Lv, Xiaoqing Lu, Yuansheng Han

    Optics Letters
    |May 16, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a novel multifocal metalens using optical metasurfaces. The design achieves high efficiency and controllable multi-spot focusing for advanced optical applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Metasurfaces offer advanced optical functionalities.
    • Controlling light focusing and beam splitting is crucial for optical systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and verify a multifocal metalens with high efficiency and controllable intensity ratios.
    • To demonstrate the potential of metasurface-based devices in optical integration and micromanipulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Design of a multifocal metalens using subwavelength gratings etched on a silver film.
    • Numerical simulations to evaluate focusing performance.
    • Experimental measurements to verify the metalens' capabilities in light focusing and beam splitting.

    Main Results:

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  • The proposed metalens demonstrates high focusing efficiency due to enhanced grating transmission.
  • Controllable intensity ratios between multiple focal spots were achieved by adjusting grating structures.
  • Numerical simulations and experimental measurements favorably verified the metalens' performance.

    • Conclusions:

    • The multifocal metalens offers a simple design, compact structure, and high efficiency.
    • Controllable focusing capabilities make it suitable for optical integration and micromanipulation.