Smart Nanodelivery Systems for Immunometabolic Modulation in Osteoarthritis

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Nanotechnology
• Immunometabolism

Background:

• Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease marked by immunometabolic dysfunction in the synovium-cartilage axis.
• Current OA therapies face challenges with drug delivery, leading to limited efficacy and short-term benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review smart responsive nanodelivery systems (SRNSs) for OA treatment.
• To highlight the mechanisms, targeting strategies, and therapeutic potential of SRNSs in OA management.

Main Methods:

• Review of SRNS responsive mechanisms (pH, ROS, enzymes, temperature) and targeting strategies (HA-CD44, RGD-Col II, immune ligands).
• Analysis of material systems (ZIF-8, PLGA, liposomes) in animal models to assess synergistic effects.
• Comparison of SRNSs with other therapeutic modalities like gene therapy and exosomes.

Main Results:

• SRNSs demonstrate dual modulatory roles in the synovium-cartilage axis.
• Evidence from animal models shows SRNSs synergistically suppress inflammation, promote metabolic remodelling, and aid tissue regeneration.
• SRNSs offer advantages over conventional therapies due to targeted accumulation and distribution.

Conclusions:

• SRNSs represent a promising platform for OA treatment, addressing limitations of conventional therapies.
• Future OA therapies may involve hybrid platforms integrating materials, biological systems, and gene-based interventions for personalized, adaptive treatment.
• Advancements in AI, biomimetic camouflage, and virtual trials can overcome challenges like biosafety and heterogeneity.