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3D Printing - Evaluating Particle Emissions of a 3D Printing Pen

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Published on: October 9, 2020

Particle and vapor emissions from vat polymerization desktop-scale 3-dimensional printers.

A B Stefaniak¹, L N Bowers¹, A K Knepp¹

¹a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia.

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

|May 17, 2019

Summary

Vat polymerization 3D printers emit nanoscale particles and volatile organic compounds. Digital Light Processing (DLP) printers showed higher emissions and smaller particle sizes than Stereolithography (SLA) printers, indicating technology-specific exposure risks.

Keywords:

3-dimensional printing digital light processing stereolithography ultrafine particles vat polymerization volatile organic compounds

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Area of Science:

Additive Manufacturing
Environmental Health & Safety
Materials Science

Background:

Vat polymerization additive manufacturing (VPAM) is a 3D printing technology using light-activated resin polymerization.
Limited data exists on the emissions and potential exposure risks associated with VPAM processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify and characterize airborne emissions, including aerosols and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) printers.
To compare emission profiles between SLA and DLP technologies and assess potential health risks.

Main Methods:

Five VPAM printers (3 SLA, 2 DLP) were tested in a controlled chamber.
Real-time monitors measured aerosol number, size, and total VOCs (TVOC).
Offline analysis identified carbonyl vapors and particulate matter composition, including metals.

Main Results:

DLP printers exhibited significantly higher particle and TVOC yields and smaller particle sizes compared to SLA printers.
Emitted particles contained potential occupational carcinogens (e.g., chromium, nickel) and reactive metals (e.g., iron, zinc).
Detected carbonyl vapors included benzaldehyde, acetone, and 4-oxopentanal.

Conclusions:

VPAM printers release nanoscale particles with hazardous components and carbonyl vapors.
Significant differences in emissions between SLA and DLP technologies necessitate tailored exposure reduction strategies.
Engineering controls should consider the specific VPAM technology used to mitigate occupational exposure.