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Related Concept Videos

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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

A Pre-Clinical Porcine Model of Orthotopic Heart Transplantation
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Recent progress on porcine circovirus type 3.

Ting Ouyang1, Guyu Niu1, Xiaohua Liu1

  • 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
|May 17, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is spreading globally in pigs and wild boar, causing significant disease. Identifying its strains and reservoirs is crucial for managing PCV3 infections and protecting the swine industry.

Keywords:
InfectionPorcine circovirus 3 (PCV3)SwineVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), a novel circovirus, was first identified in 2016.
  • PCV3 is increasingly recognized as a significant pathogen in swine populations worldwide.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the molecular characteristics, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of PCV3.
  • To provide updated knowledge on PCV3 research for scientists and veterinarians.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on PCV3.
  • Analysis of data on PCV3 molecular characteristics, spread, and associated diseases.
  • Review of diagnostic methods for PCV3 detection.

Main Results:

  • PCV3 is widely distributed in pigs and wild boar across multiple countries, with increasing infection rates.
  • PCV3 is linked to porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like signs, reproductive issues, and inflammation.
  • Evidence suggests PCV3 has cross-species transmission capabilities and circulates in wildlife, potentially acting as reservoirs.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding PCV3's molecular features, epidemiology, and pathogenesis is vital.
  • Identifying the dominant PCV3 strains and reservoirs is essential for disease control and prevention.
  • PCV3 poses a threat to the swine industry and potentially to human health due to its broad distribution and transmission potential.