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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Serial Position Effect01:03

Serial Position Effect

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The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Crystallization and Structural Determination of an Enzyme:Substrate Complex by Serial Crystallography in a Versatile Microfluidic Chip
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Crystallization and Structural Determination of an Enzyme:Substrate Complex by Serial Crystallography in a Versatile Microfluidic Chip

Published on: March 20, 2021

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A simple and versatile microfluidic device for efficient biomacromolecule crystallization and structural analysis by

Raphaël de Wijn1, Oliver Hennig2, Jennifer Roche3

  • 1Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Université de Strasbourg, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France.

Iucrj
|May 18, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a microfluidic device for producing well-diffracting biomacromolecular crystals and analyzing them on-chip using serial crystallography. This method successfully crystallized diverse molecules, enabling structure determination and demonstrating broad applicability.

Keywords:
ChipX3counter-diffusioncrystallizationligand soakingmacromoleculemicrofluidicsprotein structureroom temperatureseedingserial crystallographytrace fluorescent labeling

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Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
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Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
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Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments

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Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Crystallization and Structural Determination of an Enzyme:Substrate Complex by Serial Crystallography in a Versatile Microfluidic Chip
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Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
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Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
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Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments

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Area of Science:

  • Biocrystallography
  • Structural Biology
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Optimizing crystal production is crucial for biocrystallography.
  • Current methods can be time-consuming and require significant sample amounts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a microfluidic device for on-chip crystal production and serial analysis.
  • To demonstrate the device's utility with diverse biomacromolecules.

Main Methods:

  • Counter-diffusion crystallization within a microfluidic chip.
  • On-chip serial crystallography at room temperature.
  • Application of standard techniques like micro-seeding and ligand soaking.

Main Results:

  • Successful crystallization of nine diverse biomacromolecules, including proteins and RNA.
  • On-chip crystal treatment and analysis were performed efficiently.
  • Crystal structures of four proteins and one RNA were determined using synchrotron data.

Conclusions:

  • The microfluidic device enables efficient, on-chip production and analysis of biomacromolecular crystals.
  • The multipurpose chip concept is broadly applicable for structural studies.
  • This approach streamlines the process of determining protein and RNA structures.