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Related Concept Videos

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current01:14

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Significance of Displacement Current01:27

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A displacement current is analogous to a real current in Ampère's law, participating in Ampère's law the same way as the usual conduction current. However, it is produced by a changing electric field. Displacement current is defined in terms of a time-varying electric field, and also has an associated displacement current density. By adding a term accounting for displacement current, Maxwell modified the existing Ampère's law, which is now called generalized Ampère's law.
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Neuronavigated Focalized Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Administered During Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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X-nuclei imaging: Current state, technical challenges, and future directions.

Ruomin Hu1, Dennis Kleimaier1, Matthias Malzacher1

  • 1Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI
|May 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

X-nuclei magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers cellular-level insights beyond standard proton (1H) imaging. Despite technical challenges, advancements are paving the way for its clinical application in diverse medical fields.

Keywords:
X-nuclei imagingclinical routineintracellular and extracellularmultiquantum imagingquantified X-nuclei MRI

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • 1H MRI excels at soft tissue contrast but offers limited physiological detail.
  • X-nuclei MRI provides cellular-level insights into physiological processes.
  • Modern MR hardware and adapted 1H techniques enable X-nuclei imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of X-nuclei MRI, focusing on 23Na, 35Cl, 39K, and 17O.
  • To present the physical and technical concepts, advantages, and limitations of X-nuclei MRI.
  • To illustrate clinical applications and suggest strategies for overcoming current challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current X-nuclei MRI techniques and applications.
  • Step-by-step explanation of quantification and multiquantum imaging methods.
  • Presentation of clinical examples and technical challenges.

Main Results:

  • X-nuclei MRI, including 23Na, 35Cl, 39K, and 17O, is advancing beyond feasibility.
  • Technical challenges currently limit widespread clinical adoption.
  • Quantification and multiquantum imaging are key methodologies.

Conclusions:

  • X-nuclei MRI holds significant potential for multifaceted clinical applications.
  • Overcoming technical hurdles is crucial for routine clinical implementation.
  • Further advancements are needed to fully leverage X-nuclei imaging capabilities.