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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes
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Trailing limb angle is a surrogate for propulsive limb forces during walking post-stroke.

Michael D Lewek1, Gregory S Sawicki2

  • 1Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
|May 19, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The trailing limb angle is a valid measure for assessing anterior ground reaction force in stroke survivors, aiding in understanding propulsive deficits. Proper landmark selection is key for accurate gait analysis.

Keywords:
GaitMechanicsPosturePropulsionStroke

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Neurology
  • Gait Analysis

Background:

  • Stroke survivors often exhibit propulsive deficits due to reduced plantarflexion and trailing limb angle.
  • The trailing limb angle is a potential surrogate for anterior ground reaction force (aGRF).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate the trailing limb angle as a surrogate for aGRF in stroke survivors.
  • To identify optimal anatomical landmarks for calculating trailing limb angle for accurate gait analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-four participants with chronic stroke underwent treadmill walking.
  • Trailing limb angle, aGRF, and hip extension angle were measured at peak propulsion.
  • Error analysis was performed to compare different trailing limb angle calculations.

Main Results:

  • Trailing limb angle correlated with aGRF and peak propulsive force for both paretic and non-paretic limbs.
  • Hip extension angle did not correlate with aGRF.
  • The selection of distal anatomical landmarks significantly impacted the accuracy of trailing limb angle measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The sagittal plane orientation of the entire limb is a suitable surrogate for aGRF measurement in stroke gait.
  • While kinematic measures introduce some error, it is likely within acceptable limits for clinical application.