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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of Human Achilles Tendon by Stability Quantification of Echo Patterns
08:11

Ultrasound Tissue Characterization of Human Achilles Tendon by Stability Quantification of Echo Patterns

Published on: September 5, 2025

747

Exploring Variable Achilles Tendon Loading Via Active Acoustics.

Luis G Rosa1, Goktug C Ozmen2, Christopher Nichols2

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318 USA.

IEEE Sensors Journal
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active Acoustics (AA) offers a non-invasive method for measuring Achilles tendon (AT) loads, outperforming previous techniques in dynamic tracking and low latency. This advancement holds promise for real-time biomechanical analysis in assistive and rehabilitative technologies.

Keywords:
Achilles tendoncalf musclecontinuous mechanical stimulationdiverse tasksforceloadnoninvasivereal-timevibrationwearable

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Musculoskeletal dynamics
  • Human locomotion analysis

Background:

  • Direct Achilles tendon (AT) load measurement is crucial for understanding muscle-tendon dynamics during locomotion.
  • Existing methods struggle to capture internal tendon behavior due to limitations in measuring subcutaneous changes.
  • A non-invasive approach is needed to bridge the gap between external forces and internal tendon dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate Active Acoustics (AA) as a novel non-invasive method for measuring Achilles tendon (AT) loads.
  • To assess the performance of AA against Inverse Dynamics (ID) across various locomotion tasks.
  • To explore the feasibility of continuous mechanical stimulation for dynamic AT load quantification.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and implemented Active Acoustics (AA) using continuous mechanical stimulation.
  • Compared AA performance against Inverse Dynamics (ID) in 10 healthy subjects.
  • Collected data across 13 diverse tasks simulating varied AT force, displacement, and velocity conditions.
  • Conducted synthetic benchmark tests to evaluate filtering latency and computational complexity.

Main Results:

  • AA successfully tracked dynamic AT loading with low computational complexity and minimal filtering latency.
  • Benchmark tests showed a strong Pearson correlation (r=0.95 ±0.02) during isometric contractions, validating continuous stimulation.
  • AA captured task-specific AT loading variations, highlighting its effectiveness under different ankle joint dynamics.
  • Achieved higher output frequency (500 Hz) with optimized performance at 750 Hz stimulation frequency.

Conclusions:

  • Active Acoustics (AA) presents a viable non-invasive technique for real-time Achilles tendon (AT) load measurement.
  • The continuous stimulation approach offers improved frequency response and low latency for biomechanical applications.
  • AA shows significant potential for integration into assistive and rehabilitative devices, requiring further optimization.