Enzymatically Active Polydopamine @ Alkaline Phosphatase Nanoparticles Produced by NaIO₄ Oxidation of Dopamine

Polydopamine (PDA) deposition, obtained from the oxidation of dopamine and other catecholamines, is a universal way to coat all known materials with a conformal coating which can subsequently be functionalized at will. The structural analogies between polydopamine and eumelanin, the black-brown pigment of the skin, were incited to produce stable polydopamine nanoparticles in solution, instead of amorphous precipitates obtained from the oxidation of dopamine. Herein, we demonstrate that size-controlled and colloidally stable PDA-based nanoparticles can be obtained in acidic conditions, where spontaneous auto-oxidation of dopamine is suppressed, using sodium periodate as the oxidant and a protein, like alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as a templating agent. The size of the PDA@ALP nanoparticles depends on the dopamine/enzyme ratio and the obtained particles display enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase, with an activity extending up to two weeks after particle synthesis. The PDA@ALP nanoparticles can be engineered in polyelectrolyte multilayered films to potentially design model biosensors.