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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Lipid A from Gram-negative Bacteria
Published on: September 16, 2013
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria: an update of epidemiology and antimicrobial
Marco Fiore1, Sveva Di Franco1, Aniello Alfieri1
1a Department of Women , Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy.
Abstract:
Introduction: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a main infectious complication in end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients. The increasing trend of bacterial resistance in ESLD patients with SBP has been associated with low treatment efficacy of traditional therapy. Cephalosporin use has been restricted to community-acquired infections and in areas/health care settings with low rates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. To date, several changes are necessary with regard to empiric therapy recommendations in areas/health care settings with high rates of MDR bacteria. Areas covered: An overview of the epidemiology and antimicrobial treatments of SBP caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Expert opinion: Broad-spectrum antibiotics have been recommended as empiric therapy for suspected SBP in areas/health care settings with high rates of MDR bacteria and secondary treatment, with newer antibiotics, for SBP caused by MDR-Gram-negative bacteria (i.e. new beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations, cefiderocol, plazomicin, and eravacycline) either alone or in combination.
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