Recent developments in the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Its prevalence has risen rapidly, and nowadays it is a global health concern. Currently available medications reduce inflammation and alleviate the symptoms, but do not cure the disease. Recent findings suggest that dysregulated redox homeostasis may contribute to IBD progression, positioning oxidative stress as one of the primary mechanisms driving inflammation.

Data for this review were identified through a comprehensive search of PubMed and Google Scholar for the period from February 2013 to September 2026. This review aims to describe recent approaches focused on oxidative stress and IBD, including the use of oxidative stress biomarkers, treatment options employing neutrophils and nanoparticles, the emerging role of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, ferroptosis suppression, and oxidative stress-related changes in the microbiome. Furthermore, inflammaging and dietary interventions are discussed in the context of oxidative stress, as they modulate redox homeostasis and influence inflammatory pathways.

A better understanding of the interplay between ROS, inflammation, microbiome, and dietary interventions may provide valuable insights into mechanisms underlying IBD pathology, while targeting these pathways may facilitate the development of novel, adjunctive therapeutic approaches in IBD management.