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Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Molecular Analysis of Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition Induced by Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling
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Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β in Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis: A Review

Ahmed Ismaeel1, Jeong-Su Kim2, Jeffrey S Kirk3

  • 1Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA. ai18@my.fsu.edu.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 22, 2019
PubMed

Insights

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) drives skeletal muscle fibrosis in various myopathies. This review explores TGF-β

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Cellular processes
  • Tissue repair

Background:

  • Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) isoforms are key cytokines regulating cellular functions.
  • TGF-β pathway activation is a significant contributor to pathological fibrosis across multiple organs.
  • Skeletal muscle fibrosis is implicated in various myopathies, with elevated TGF-β signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms underlying TGF-β-mediated skeletal muscle fibrosis.
  • To highlight therapeutic strategies targeting the TGF-β pathway for skeletal muscle fibrosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on TGF-β and skeletal muscle fibrosis.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways involved in TGF-β-induced fibrosis.
  • Examination of current and potential TGF-β-targeted treatments.

Main Results:

  • TGF-β signaling is a central mediator in the development of skeletal muscle fibrosis.
  • Specific molecular mechanisms link TGF-β activation to fibrotic changes in muscle tissue.
  • Various therapeutic approaches targeting TGF-β are under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • The TGF-β pathway is a critical factor in skeletal muscle fibrosis.
  • Targeting TGF-β offers a promising therapeutic avenue for treating skeletal muscle myopathies and fibrosis.
Keywords:
TGF-βfibrosismyopathyskeletal muscle

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