Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

132.9K
Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
132.9K
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

959
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
959
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

9.8K
In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
9.8K
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

3.6K
3.6K
Pulse amplitude and quality01:17

Pulse amplitude and quality

3.0K
Pulse amplitude is a crucial indicator of cardiac health because it provides valuable insights into the strength of left ventricular contractions and the overall uniformity of blood circulation within the vasculature. The strength of the pulse is directly related to the force with which the heart contracts and the volume of blood being pumped.
A weak or absent pulse may indicate reduced cardiac output or poor left ventricular contraction, which can be signs of cardiovascular dysfunction or...
3.0K
Nursing Code of Ethics01:29

Nursing Code of Ethics

4.3K
The Nursing Code of Ethics sets the ethical benchmark for the profession, and guides nurses in ethical analysis and decision making at the societal, organizational, and clinical levels. The code encompasses showing compassion and respect for the patient, their families, and communities in all circumstances while committing to providing patient-centered care. In addition, the code states that nurses must advocate for the patient by defending a cause or recommendation to protect their rights,...
4.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Early Self-Efficacy Predicts Short- and Long-Term Pain and Functional Outcomes Following Lower Extremity Fracture.

Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation·2026
Same author

Cxcr2 is Required for Osteoclast Regulation, Bone Structure, and Hematological Response During Bone (Re)modeling.

Calcified tissue international·2026
Same author

A heterogeneous population code at the first synapse of vision.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Quantifying the link between retinal performance and the optomotor response.

Current biology : CB·2025
Same author

Substance P and dopamine form a "push-pull" system that diurnally regulates retinal gain.

Current biology : CB·2024
Same author

Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a smartphone-based manikin to support pain self-reporting.

Pain reports·2024
Same journal

Author Correction: Spinal cord Tau pathology induces tactile deficits and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease via dysregulation of CCK neurons.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Hippocampal theta sweeps indicate goal direction during navigation.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Just how goal-directed are hippocampal theta sweeps, anyway?

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Goal-directed hippocampal theta sweeps during memory-guided navigation.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Connectomic evidence that ordered activity drives neuromuscular network formation.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Noninvasive decoding of typed sentences from human brain activity.

Nature neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures
06:16

Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures

Published on: March 28, 2018

6.9K

An amplitude code transmits information at a visual synapse.

Ben James1, Léa Darnet1, José Moya-Díaz1

  • 1School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.

Nature Neuroscience
|May 22, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinal ribbon synapses encode visual contrast using both the frequency and amplitude of glutamate release. This dual coding strategy enhances information transmission, increasing dynamic range, precision, and efficiency.

More Related Videos

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
06:32

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

Published on: June 5, 2017

7.6K
Quantifying Synapses: an Immunocytochemistry-based Assay to Quantify Synapse Number
18:11

Quantifying Synapses: an Immunocytochemistry-based Assay to Quantify Synapse Number

Published on: November 16, 2010

36.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 24, 2026

Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures
06:16

Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures

Published on: March 28, 2018

6.9K
Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
06:32

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

Published on: June 5, 2017

7.6K
Quantifying Synapses: an Immunocytochemistry-based Assay to Quantify Synapse Number
18:11

Quantifying Synapses: an Immunocytochemistry-based Assay to Quantify Synapse Number

Published on: November 16, 2010

36.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual processing
  • Synaptic transmission

Background:

  • Neurons primarily use digital spikes for information transfer.
  • Sensory pathways like vision and hearing initially process analog signals.
  • The recoding of analog signals for synaptic transmission remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how ribbon synapses in retinal bipolar cells encode visual contrast.
  • To understand the mechanisms of analog-to-digital recoding at the synapse.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo imaging of glutamate release in live zebrafish.
  • Analysis of synaptic vesicle release events (frequency and amplitude).

Main Results:

  • Retinal ribbon synapses encode contrast via changes in release frequency and amplitude.
  • Higher contrasts trigger multi-vesicle release events.
  • Amplitude coding extends the information capacity beyond frequency coding alone.
  • Packets of five vesicles transmit more information per vesicle than individual releases.

Conclusions:

  • Ribbon synapses discretize analog visual signals into sequences for efficient transmission.
  • This coding strategy significantly enhances the dynamic range, temporal precision, and efficiency of visual information transfer.