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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.
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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

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Developing landscapes: genome architecture during early embryogenesis.

Robin H van der Weide1, Elzo de Wit1

  • 1Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute and Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|May 22, 2019
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

During early embryonic development, a uniform chromatin architecture emerges as the three-dimensional genome (3D genome) transitions. This developmental phase offers a model for studying genome organization.

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A Method for Characterizing Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Embryonic development involves a critical transition where maternal transcripts are replaced by zygotic transcripts, activating the zygotic genome.
  • Recent studies have mapped the three-dimensional genome (3D genome) organization during this crucial developmental window across various species.
  • A conserved feature observed is the loss of typical 3D genome architectural features, like TADs and compartments, leading to a uniform chromatin structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current data on the enigmatic phase of uniform chromatin architecture during early development.
  • To compare and contrast the similarities and differences in this phenomenon across different species.
  • To explore potential mechanisms driving the establishment of this uniform 3D genome organization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published studies on 3D genome organization during early embryogenesis.
  • Comparative analysis of chromatin architecture data from diverse species.
  • Discussion of proposed molecular and physical mechanisms underlying chromatin homogenization.

Main Results:

  • A common phase of lost architectural features (TADs, compartments) and established uniform chromatin architecture is observed in the 3D genome of early embryos across species.
  • Variations exist in the timing and specific characteristics of this uniform phase among different species.
  • Several potential mechanisms, including changes in epigenetic modifications and physical forces, are being investigated.

Conclusions:

  • The transient uniform chromatin architecture during early development is a conserved feature of the 3D genome.
  • This phase provides a valuable in vivo model system for understanding fundamental principles of genome organization and regulation.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms and functional significance of this developmental chromatin state.