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Evolutionary Integration and Modularity in the Archosaur Cranium.

Ryan N Felice1,2, Akinobu Watanabe2,3,4, Andrew R Cuff5

  • 1Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

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Archosaur skull evolution shows conserved integration patterns, particularly in the occipital region, despite significant cranial diversity. However, specific correlations vary, with birds and non-avian dinosaurs exhibiting distinct cranial modules.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Geometric morphometrics

Background:

  • Complex vertebrate structures, like skulls, require coordinated development and evolution.
  • Phenotypic integration and modularity are shaped by genetic correlations and influence evolutionary trajectories.
  • Understanding how selection modifies these patterns is crucial for explaining phenotypic diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively assess evolutionary integration patterns in the archosaur skull.
  • To determine if cranial integration is conserved or variable across birds, non-avian dinosaurs, and mesoeucrocodylians.
  • To investigate the impact of evolutionary innovations on trait correlations and modularity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-dimensional geometric morphometric data from 3D surface and CT scans.
  • Analyzed data from modern birds (n=352), fossil non-avian dinosaurs (n=27), and mesoeucrocodylians (n=38).
  • Quantified integration and modularity patterns within the archosaur skull.

Main Results:

  • Cranial integration patterns are largely conserved across archosaurs, with high integration within the occipital region in all groups.
  • Significant divergences in correlation patterns were observed, with unique integrations in birds (pterygoid-quadrate) and non-avian dinosaurs (quadrate-jugal-quadratojugal).
  • Mesoeucrocodylians showed a more integrated facial skeleton compared to the other groups.

Conclusions:

  • Archosaur cranial integration is surprisingly stable despite extensive cranial diversity.
  • Evolutionary innovations like cranial kinesis can lead to modifications in trait correlations and modularity.
  • The study provides a unified quantitative framework for assessing evolutionary shifts in trait integration.