Triptolide: Medicinal chemistry, chemical biology and clinical progress

In the past decades, triptolide has attracted considerable interests in the organic and medicinal chemistry society owing to its intriguing structure features and promising multiple pharmacological activities. However, its limited water solubility and oral bioavailability, imprecise mechanism of action and sever toxicity, scares from nature and difficulty in the synthesis have greatly hindered its clinical potential. Hence, to circumvent such problems, a lot of elegant total synthesis have been developed. With the advancement of the total synthesis, various triptolide derivatives have been synthesized and tested in the search for more drug-like derivatives for potential anticancer agents, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressive agents and anti-Alzheimer's agents, etc. Meanwhile, through designing and synthesizing of various of bioactive probes, some molecular targets that are responsible for the multiple pharmacology activities as well as toxicity of triptolide have been identified. It is no doubt will help the future development of new drug-like triptolide derivatives. In order to gain a comprehensive and deep understanding of the area and provides suggestions for triptolide's further studies, i) the medicinal chemistry advancement, ii) bioactive probes-based cellular target identification and iii) clinical progress of triptolide derivatives are reviewed in this article.