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Updated: Jan 24, 2026
Author Spotlight: Studying the Impact of Maternal Dietary Deficiencies on Long-Term Offspring Health Outcomes
Published on: June 28, 2024
Multiple Micronutrient Supplements Are More Cost-effective Than Iron and Folic Acid: Modeling Results from 3
Bahman Kashi1,2, Caroline M Godin1, Zuzanna A Kurzawa2,3
1Department of Economics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Background:
Recent evidence has encouraged low- and middle-income countries to consider transitioning from long-standing iron and folic acid supplementation (IFA) to multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) during pregnancy; however, global guidance is limited. To facilitate national decision-making, a cost-effectiveness model to compare supplementation approaches was developed, and applied to Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh.
Objective:
We evaluated the incremental cost-effectiveness of transitioning from IFA to MMS.
Methods:
The effectiveness of IFA compared with MMS during pregnancy was compared using 8 health outcomes reported in 2 meta-analyses published in 2017 (Cochrane and The Lancet). Impacts on health outcomes were aggregated using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Costs included the supplements and their distribution through antenatal care. The incremental cost-effective ratio (ICER) for transitioning from IFA to MMS was calculated for each country under each meta-analysis scenario, and Monte Carlo simulations were applied to generate a measure of certainty around the results.
Results:
The effectiveness of transitioning from IFA to MMS under the Cochrane scenario was smaller and less certain compared with The Lancet scenario. However, even under the Cochrane scenario, MMS would avert 4,391, 5,769, and 8,578 more DALYs than IFA per 100,000 pregnancies in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, respectively (62.6%, 76.8%, and 82.6% certainty). The ICER of transitioning from IFA to MMS was 41.54, 31.62, and 21.26 US dollars (USD 2016) per DALY averted, respectively.
Conclusions:
Despite discrepancies in the overall effect of MMS depending on the meta-analysis used, MMS is cost-effective and generates positive health outcomes for both infants and pregnant women. Whilst the effectiveness of MMS is sensitive to the prevalence of certain health outcomes under the conservative scenario (Cochrane), MMS nevertheless averts more DALYs than IFA with high certainty and should re-enter public health discussion in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh.
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