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Related Concept Videos

Quantitative Analysis01:12

Quantitative Analysis

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Quantitative analysis is a technique for measuring the amount of specific constituents in a sample. When the sample's composition is unknown, qualitative analysis is performed first to identify its components, which ensures that the correct substances are measured during the quantitative phase.
In quantitative analysis, two key measurements are made: the sample quantity and a property proportional to the amount of the analyte (the substance being analyzed). This forms the basis of the...
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Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Shugan Jieyu Capsules for the Treatment of Insomnia
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A Quantitative Meta-analysis of Olfactory Dysfunction in Epilepsy.

Kiran Khurshid1, Andrew J D Crow2, Petra E Rupert3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Neuropsychology Review
|May 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Epilepsy significantly impairs olfactory function across multiple domains, particularly in temporal lobe epilepsy. Factors like sex, age, and smoking status influence these smell deficits, highlighting a compromised olfactory system in epilepsy patients.

Keywords:
EpilepsyOlfactionSeizure disorderSeizuresSmell

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a known comorbidity in epilepsy.
  • The precise clinical impact and specificity of these olfactory deficits remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically analyze which olfactory abilities are most affected in individuals with epilepsy.
  • To identify factors that may moderate olfactory performance in epilepsy.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic meta-analysis of 21 peer-reviewed studies.
  • Included 912 epilepsy patients and 794 healthy controls.
  • Olfactory function assessed via odor identification, discrimination, memory, and detection threshold tests.

Main Results:

  • Significant olfactory deficits observed in epilepsy patients compared to controls (moderate to large effect sizes).
  • Impairments were most pronounced in odor identification, memory, and discrimination.
  • Deficits were most prominent in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and mixed frontal epilepsy (M-F).

Conclusions:

  • The olfactory system is demonstrably compromised in individuals with epilepsy.
  • Olfactory deficits are linked to specific epilepsy types and influenced by demographic/clinical factors.
  • Further neurobiological research into the olfactory system may illuminate epilepsy mechanisms.