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Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Person perception is influenced by both external behaviors and the observer’s internal characteristics, including personality traits. Individuals with dark personality traits, comprising psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism — collectively known as the dark triad – exhibit manipulative and exploitative tendencies in social contexts. These traits affect how they perceive others and how they are perceived.The Role of Dark Personality Traits in Person PerceptionBlack et...
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Light/dark Transition Test for Mice
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Light Dark Matter at Neutrino Experiments.

Yohei Ema1,2, Filippo Sala1, Ryosuke Sato1

  • 1DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|May 31, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Sub-GeV dark matter particles can be detected by large volume detectors on Earth. This study sets new limits on dark matter-electron scattering, exploring previously unconstrained low-mass regions.

Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Astrophysics
  • Cosmology

Background:

  • Sub-GeV dark matter particles are difficult to detect directly.
  • Cosmic ray interactions can up-scatter dark matter to detectable energies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive novel limits on the dark matter-electron scattering cross section.
  • To probe previously unconstrained sub-keV dark matter mass ranges.
  • To discuss future search strategies at neutrino facilities.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing public data from Super-Kamiokande and MiniBooNE detectors.
  • Analyzing cosmic ray-induced dark matter up-scattering events.
  • Calculating scattering cross-section limits.

Main Results:

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  • Established a new, stringent limit on the dark matter-electron scattering cross section.
  • Closed a significant gap in the allowed parameter space for sub-keV dark matter.
  • Demonstrated the potential of existing and future neutrino experiments for dark matter searches.

Conclusions:

  • Cosmic ray up-scattering provides a viable channel for detecting low-mass dark matter.
  • This research significantly advances the search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs).
  • Future neutrino experiments can further constrain dark matter properties.